Electronic articles and periodicals | |
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General format (electronic) |
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article: Capitalize the first word in the subtitle also. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), page numbers. DOI or URL |
Article from library database or electronic journal (when DOI is not available) |
Longaretti, L., & Wilson, J. (2006). The impact of perceptions on conflict management. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(4), 3-15. |
Article from library database or electronic journal (when DOI is available) |
Morio, H., & Bushholtz, C. (2008). How anonymous are you online? Examining online social behaviors from a cross-cultural perspective. Al & Society, 23(2), 297-307. |
Article from newspaper or magazine |
Dockterman, E. (2019, March 8). Who are the aliens in Captain Marvel? Everything to know about the Krees and Skrulls. Time. https://time.com/5537334/captain-marvel-aliens-kree-skrull/
|
Articles in UpToDate |
Barson, W. J. (2025). Pneumonia in children: Inpatient treatment. UpToDate. Retrieved May 2, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-children-inpatient-treatment?source=mostViewed_widget |
Articles in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |
Leeflang, M. M., Stegeman, I., Ochodo, E. A., Guleid, F., Holtman, G. A., Yang, B., Davenport, C., Deeks, J. J., Dinnes, J., Dittrich, S., Emperador, D., Hooft, L., Spijker, R., Takwoingi, Y., Van den Bruel, A., Wang, J., Langendam, M., Verbakel, J. Y., & Leeflang, M. M. (2020). Routine laboratory testing to determine if a patient has COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013787 |
Articles in Dynamed |
DynaMed. (2024, Dec. 6). Acetaminophen poisoning. EBSCO Information Services. Retrieved May 2, 2025, from |
When retrieving an online article from a website rather than a database, list the URL. This rule applies to online reference works as well. With the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, it is no longer necessary to include "Retrieved from" prior to a URL, and hyperlinks can remain active (APA, 2020, p. 299).
Articles cited from an academic database that do not have a DOI should be cited as a print resource, with the entry ending after the page range.
Articles in the databases Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and UpToDate have specific reference entry requirements. See section 10.1, examples 13 and 14 for further explanations on citing articles from these databases (APA, 2020, p. 319)
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Articles and periodicals in print | |
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General format (print) |
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article: Capital letter also for subtitle. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), page numbers. |
Journal article without a DOI from most academic research databases or in print |
Wood, S. N., & Quackenbush, K. (2001). The sorcerer's stone: A touchstone for readers of all ages. English Journal, 90(3), 97-103.
|
Newspaper article |
Curwen, T. (2011, August 9). Calligraphers still going against type. Los Angeles Times, A1, A8.
|
Magazine article |
Yeoman, B. (September-October 2011). Facing the future. Audubon, 64-69, 86-87.
|
Book review |
Wood, J. (2004, November 28). Acts of devotion [Review of the book Gilead, by Marilynne Robinson]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/books/arts/acts- |
Unknown author |
Education in America and Britain: Learning lessons from private schools. (2009, July 2). Economist, 20-21. |
Article with 21 or more authors |
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, Y., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., …Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2 |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Books | |
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General format |
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. |
One author |
Pinney, T. (2005). History of wine in America: From prohibition to the present. University of California Press. |
Two authors |
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. American Psychological Association.
|
Corporate authors |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 |
Editors |
Donohue, J. J., & Esposito, J. L. (Eds.). (2007). Islam in transition: Muslim perspectives. Oxford University Press. |
Electronic version of print book (ebook) |
Verrill, A. H. (1916). Marooned in the forest: The story of a primitive fight for life. |
Multivolume work |
Ford, B. (Ed.). (1988-1991). The Cambridge guide to the arts in Britain (Vols. 1-9). Cambridge University Press. |
Book with multiple editions |
Harding, M., Kwong, J., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. (2023). Lewis’s medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems (12th ed.). Elsevier. Martini, F., Tallitsch, R. B., & Nath, J. L. (2018). Human anatomy (9th ed.). Pearson. |
Dictionary, Encyclopedia, thesaurus entry with a group author |
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Dictionary. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 29, 2019, from |
Book chapter |
Konishi, S. (2011). Representing Aboriginal masculinity in Howard's Australia. In R.L. Jackson II and M. Balaji (Eds.). Masculinities and manhood (pp.161-185). University of Illinois Press. |
Essay or chapter in an anthology or edited book |
Porter, K. A. (1995). The grave. In S. Mee (Ed.), Downhome: An anthology of Southern women writers (pp.461-67). Harcourt, Brace. |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Audio and Visual | |
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General Format |
Author, A. A. (Copyright year). Title of work [Medium /Type]. Production Company/Publisher. Writer1, W. (Writer), Writer2, W. (Writer), & Director, D. (Director). (Date). Title of episode (Season Number., Episode Number) [Description]. In P. Producer (Producer/Executive Producer). Title of series. Production Company. |
Podcast |
Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–present). Code switch [Audio podcast]. National Public |
Episode in a podcast, tv show, etc. |
Visser, B. (Writer), Adams, N. (Writer), Masters, L. (Writer), & Dameron, M. (Director). (2021). Curious cuts (Episode 1) [Course video]. In J. Seldera, D. O'Brien (Producers), Anatomy of a Mystery. West Coast University Innovation Lab. |
Film/Motion picture |
Capra, F. (Director). (1946). It’s a wonderful life [Film]. Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Pictures. |
YouTube video or other streaming video |
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. |
PowerPoint slides, lecture notes, and other LMS resources |
Follow these guidelines to cite resources from an online learning management system such as: discussion board posts, main class postings, PowerPoint slides, or PDFs.
Author Lastname, First initials. (Year). Title of post, discussion board, or learning management system resource [Discussion board post, Canvas post, Class PowerPoint, Class PDF, etc.]. University that sponsors the class. Main URL of University Learning System.
Instructor, I. I. (Year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. West Coast University. |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Websites | |
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General format (website) |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the work. Site Name. URL |
Article from a news website (not related to a newspaper or magazine) |
Zaugg, J. & Peng, J. (2019, November 5). China approves seaweed-based Alzheimer's drug. It's the first new one in 17 years. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/ |
Article from a website with a group author (no date or same date) |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-a.). Campylobacter. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b.). Salmonella. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. |
Article from a website with a group author |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, August 20). Chicken and food poisoning. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Government and Organization Reports | |
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Corporate Author, Government Report |
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.(2014). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 14-2650). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/all-publications-and-resources/managing-asthma-guide- |
Use the most specific agency as the authors in the reference. Overarching agencies are listed in the source element as the publisher. Do not repeat the authoring agency in the source element of the reference (APA, 2020, p. 288).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Citing AI Models and Software | |
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General format (software) | Name of Group. (Date). Title of work (Version #) [Computer sofware]. Publisher. URL. |
ChatGPT |
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat |
The above reference example is adapted from the template for referencing software. See Section 10.10 for more information and examples of reference entries for software, mobile apps, apparatuses, and equipment.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Please refer to the Academic Honor Code section (p. 14) of the WCU Student Handbook for appropriate uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the University.
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