LibGuides: APA Help (7th Edition): Reference Citation Examples

Electronic Article and Periodical Examples

Electronic articles and periodicals
General format (electronic)	Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article: Capitalize the first word in the subtitle also. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), page numbers. DOI or URL
Article from library database or electronic journal (when DOI is not available)	Longaretti, L., & Wilson, J. (2006). The impact of perceptions on conflict management. Educational Research Quarterly, 29(4), 3-15.
Article from library database or electronic journal (when DOI is available)	Morio, H., & Bushholtz, C. (2008). How anonymous are you online? Examining online social behaviors from a cross-cultural perspective. Al & Society, 23(2), 297-307. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-007-0143-0
Article from newspaper or magazine	Dockterman, E. (2019, March 8). Who are the aliens in Captain Marvel? Everything to know about the Krees and Skrulls. Time. https://time.com/5537334/captain-marvel-aliens-kree-skrull/
Articles in UpToDate	Barson, W. J. (2025). Pneumonia in children: Inpatient treatment. UpToDate. Retrieved May 2, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-children-inpatient-treatment?source=mostViewed_widget
Articles in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews	Leeflang, M. M., Stegeman, I., Ochodo, E. A., Guleid, F., Holtman, G. A., Yang, B., Davenport, C., Deeks, J. J., Dinnes, J., Dittrich, S., Emperador, D., Hooft, L., Spijker, R., Takwoingi, Y., Van den Bruel, A., Wang, J., Langendam, M., Verbakel, J. Y., & Leeflang, M. M. (2020). Routine laboratory testing to determine if a patient has COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013787
Articles in Dynamed	DynaMed. (2024, Dec. 6). Acetaminophen poisoning. EBSCO Information Services. Retrieved May 2, 2025, from https://www.dynamed.com/condition/acetaminophen-poisoning

When retrieving an online article from a website rather than a database, list the URL. This rule applies to online reference works as well. With the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, it is no longer necessary to include "Retrieved from" prior to a URL, and hyperlinks can remain active (APA, 2020, p. 299).
Articles cited from an academic database that do not have a DOI should be cited as a print resource, with the entry ending after the page range.
Articles in the databases Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and UpToDate have specific reference entry requirements. See section 10.1, examples 13 and 14 for further explanations on citing articles from these databases (APA, 2020, p. 319)
URLs in a reference entry should link directly to the cited work, and it is acceptable to use the word processors default settings for hyperlinks (underlined blue text) or plain text, which is not underlined (APA, 2020, p. 298-299).
Always include the issue number (in parentheses) following the italicized volume number for periodicals with issue numbers, and include the page range of the article following a comma. For example, an article on page 33-40 of issue 10 in volume 14 would be entered into a reference entry as 14(10), 33-40.
See section 10.1 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) for more examples of Periodical reference list entries.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Print Articles and Periodicals Examples

Articles and periodicals in print
General format (print)	Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article: Capital letter also for subtitle. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), page numbers.
Journal article without a DOI from most academic research databases or in print	Wood, S. N., & Quackenbush, K. (2001). The sorcerer's stone: A touchstone for readers of all ages. English Journal, 90(3), 97-103.
Newspaper article	Curwen, T. (2011, August 9). Calligraphers still going against type. Los Angeles Times, A1, A8.
Magazine article	Yeoman, B. (September-October 2011). Facing the future. Audubon, 64-69, 86-87.
Book review	Wood, J. (2004, November 28). Acts of devotion [Review of the book Gilead, by Marilynne Robinson]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/books/arts/acts- of-devotion.html
Unknown author	Education in America and Britain: Learning lessons from private schools. (2009, July 2). Economist, 20-21.
Article with 21 or more authors	Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, Y., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., …Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

For sources with 2-20 authors, use an ampersand (&) before the final name [Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C.] (APA, 2020, p. 286)
For sources with 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors and then an ellipsis (...), without an ampersand. Add the last author's name after the ellipsis [sample above] (APA, 2020, p. 286)
Publisher location information is no longer required (APA, 2020, p.295).
See section 10.1 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) for more examples of Periodical reference list entries.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Book Examples

Books
General format	Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
One author	Pinney, T. (2005). History of wine in America: From prohibition to the present. University of California Press.
Two authors	Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. American Psychological Association.
Corporate authors	American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Editors	Donohue, J. J., & Esposito, J. L. (Eds.). (2007). Islam in transition: Muslim perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Electronic version of print book (ebook)	Verrill, A. H. (1916). Marooned in the forest: The story of a primitive fight for life. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001029608
Multivolume work	Ford, B. (Ed.). (1988-1991). The Cambridge guide to the arts in Britain (Vols. 1-9). Cambridge University Press.
Book with multiple editions	Harding, M., Kwong, J., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. (2023). Lewis’s medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems (12th ed.). Elsevier. Martini, F., Tallitsch, R. B., & Nath, J. L. (2018). Human anatomy (9th ed.). Pearson.
Dictionary, Encyclopedia, thesaurus entry with a group author	Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Dictionary. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 29, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictionary
Book chapter	Konishi, S. (2011). Representing Aboriginal masculinity in Howard's Australia. In R.L. Jackson II and M. Balaji (Eds.). Masculinities and manhood (pp.161-185). University of Illinois Press.
Essay or chapter in an anthology or edited book	Porter, K. A. (1995). The grave. In S. Mee (Ed.), Downhome: An anthology of Southern women writers (pp.461-67). Harcourt, Brace.

If the author and publisher are the same person or organization, leave the publisher out of the source portion of the reference entry. See the "Corporate authors" example.
Only the Publisher's Name is needed for the citation, not the city or location of the publisher.
eBooks cited from an academic database that do not have a DOI should be cited as a print resource, with the entry ending after the Publisher.
For online references that are continuously updated and older versions are not archived, use "n.d." as the publication year and include a retrieval date. See the "Dictionary, encyclopedia, thesaurus entry with a group author" example.
When citing from an ebook or a chapter in an ebook, the format, platform, or device is not included in the reference entry (APA, 2020, pp.321, 326).
See sections 10.2 and 10.3 for more examples of Book and Reference Work entries.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Audio Visual Material Examples

Audio and Visual
General Format	Author, A. A. (Copyright year). Title of work [Medium /Type]. Production Company/Publisher. Writer1, W. (Writer), Writer2, W. (Writer), & Director, D. (Director). (Date). Title of episode (Season Number., Episode Number) [Description]. In P. Producer (Producer/Executive Producer). Title of series. Production Company.
Podcast	Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–present). Code switch [Audio podcast]. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch
Episode in a podcast, tv show, etc.	Visser, B. (Writer), Adams, N. (Writer), Masters, L. (Writer), & Dameron, M. (Director). (2021). Curious cuts (Episode 1) [Course video]. In J. Seldera, D. O'Brien (Producers), Anatomy of a Mystery. West Coast University Innovation Lab.
Film/Motion picture	Capra, F. (Director). (1946). It’s a wonderful life [Film]. Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Pictures.
YouTube video or other streaming video	University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8
PowerPoint slides, lecture notes, and other LMS resources	Follow these guidelines to cite resources from an online learning management system such as: discussion board posts, main class postings, PowerPoint slides, or PDFs. Author Lastname, First initials. (Year). Title of post, discussion board, or learning management system resource [Discussion board post, Canvas post, Class PowerPoint, Class PDF, etc.]. University that sponsors the class. Main URL of University Learning System. Instructor, I. I. (Year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. West Coast University. https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu

Audio and Visual

General Format

Author, A. A. (Copyright year). Title of work [Medium /Type].

Production Company/Publisher.

Writer1, W. (Writer), Writer2, W. (Writer), & Director, D. (Director). (Date). Title of episode (Season

Number., Episode Number) [Description]. In P. Producer (Producer/Executive Producer). Title of

series. Production Company.

Podcast

Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–present). Code switch [Audio podcast]. National Public

Radio. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch

Episode in a podcast, tv show, etc.

Visser, B. (Writer), Adams, N. (Writer), Masters, L. (Writer), & Dameron, M. (Director). (2021). Curious

cuts (Episode 1) [Course video]. In J. Seldera, D. O'Brien (Producers), Anatomy of a Mystery.

West Coast University Innovation Lab.

Film/Motion picture

Capra, F. (Director). (1946). It’s a wonderful life [Film].

Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Pictures.

YouTube video or other

streaming video

University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8

PowerPoint slides,

lecture notes, and other

LMS resources

Follow these guidelines to cite resources from an online learning management system such as: discussion board posts, main class postings, PowerPoint slides, or PDFs.

Author Lastname, First initials. (Year). Title of post, discussion board, or learning management system

resource [Discussion board post, Canvas post, Class PowerPoint, Class PDF, etc.]. University that

sponsors the class. Main URL of University Learning System.

Instructor, I. I. (Year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. West Coast University.

https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu

When citing PowerPoint slides or lecture notes from a learning management system (Blackboard, Desire2Learn, Canvas, etc.) provide the name of the site and login URL.
See Section 8.8 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) for more information on citing from a classroom or intranet source.
Provide the span of years during which the podcast aired in the date element of the reference.
List the host(s) of the podcast episode as the author. Alternatively, provide the executive producers, if known. In either case, include their role in parentheses.
Provide the specific date on which the podcast episode first aired.
Provide the episode number after the episode title in parentheses. If the podcast does not number episodes, omit the episode number from the reference. Do not italicize the episode title or the episode number.
Specify the type of podcast episode in square brackets, for example: [Audio podcast episode], [Video podcast episode].
Write the word “In” and then the title of the podcast in italics.
In general, end the reference with the URL of the episode. If the URL of the podcast episode is unknown (e.g., if accessed via an app), omit the URL from the reference.
See Sections10.12-10.14 for more information and examples of reference entries from audiovisual media

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Website Examples

Websites
General format (website)	Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the work. Site Name. URL
Article from a news website (not related to a newspaper or magazine)	Zaugg, J. & Peng, J. (2019, November 5). China approves seaweed-based Alzheimer's drug. It's the first new one in 17 years. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/ 11/03/health/china-alzheimers-drug-intl-hnk-scli/index.html
Article from a website with a group author (no date or same date)	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-a.). Campylobacter. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b.). Salmonella. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/index.html
Article from a website with a group author	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, August 20). Chicken and food poisoning. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/chicken.html

Use the webpages and websites category if and only if the entry does not fit better into another category (APA, 2020, pp. 282, 350).
When the author and site name is the same, do not include the site name in the source portion of the entry.
Provide a retrieval date when citing a work that is likely to change over time.
When citing multiple works by the same author with the same publication date, add a lowercase letter following the year to both the in-text and reference citation. Year-only publications go before more specific dates. When the publication date is identical, alphabetize the references by the title. See section 9.47 for more information on ordering works with the same author and date
See section 10.16 for more information and examples of reference entries from webpages and websites.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Government and Organizational Report Examples

Government and Organization Reports
Corporate Author, Government Report	National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.(2014). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 14-2650). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/all-publications-and-resources/managing-asthma-guide- schools-2014-edition

Government and Organization Reports

Corporate Author, Government Report

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.(2014). Managing asthma:

A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 14-2650). U.S. Department of Health

and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/all-publications-and-resources/managing-asthma-guide-

schools-2014-edition

Use the most specific agency as the authors in the reference. Overarching agencies are listed in the source element as the publisher. Do not repeat the authoring agency in the source element of the reference (APA, 2020, p. 288).
See Sections 9.11 and 10.4 for more information and examples of reference entries for government reports and other forms of grey literature.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Citing AI Models and Software

Citing AI Models and Software
General format (software)	Name of Group. (Date). Title of work (Version #) [Computer sofware]. Publisher. URL.
ChatGPT	OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

General format (software)

Name of Group. (Date). Title of work (Version #) [Computer sofware]. Publisher. URL.

ChatGPT

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

The above reference example is adapted from the template for referencing software. See Section 10.10 for more information and examples of reference entries for software, mobile apps, apparatuses, and equipment.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Please refer to the Academic Honor Code section (p. 14) of the WCU Student Handbook for appropriate uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the University.